Sundanese Highland People
Highland Sundanese (millions inhabit volcanic regions) live in West Java surrounded by active volcanoes including Tangkuban Perahu, Papandayan, and Galunggung. They endure constant volcanic threat, earthquakes, lahars (volcanic mudflows), and seismic activity. Terraced rice cultivation on fertile volcanic soil, traditional Islam blended with animistic beliefs, gamelan music, and centuries of adaptation to volcanic hazards characterize this major Indonesian ethnic group thriving in one of Earth's most volcanically active zones.